A three-dimensional analytical tool for modeling reactive transport     

Jones NL  Clement TP  Hansen CM 《Ground water》2006,44(4):613-617

In this note, we present a public domain analytical reactive transport modeling tool (ART3D, version 2.0). The tool is developed in FORTRAN and can be used for solving a system of a set of partial differential equations coupled with a first-order reaction network. ART3D uses a novel analytic solution technique proposed by Clement. The new software includes options for performing Monte Carlo simulations and automated parameter estimation.  相似文献   

Morphometric comparisons between automated and manual karst depression inventories in Apalachicola National Forest,Florida, and Mammoth Cave National Park,Kentucky, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

John Wall  DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl  Karl W. Wegmann  Norman S. Levine 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):729-749

Karst depression catalogs are critical to assessing the hydrology and geohazards of an area; yet, the delineation of these features within a landscape can be a difficult, time-consuming and subjective task. This study evaluates the efficacy of karst depression inventorying using an automated fill-difference method operating on high-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). The resulting catalog is compared with existing karst depression inventories for two low-development areas of the USA, Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) and Apalachicola National Forest (ANF), where karst depressions have been mapped previously using a manual closed-contour approach. The automated fill method captures 93 and 85 % of these previously mapped karst depressions at MACA and ANF, respectively. Field observations and topographic analysis suggest that the omitted features were likely misclassified within the existing catalogs. The automated routine returns 797 and 3377 additional topographic depressions, at MACA and ANF, respectively, which are not included in the existing catalogs. While the geology of ANF is mostly homogenous Quaternary deposits, the newly identified, typically smaller-scale depressions found within MACA tend to be disproportionally located in non-carbonate-dominated formations, where the development of karst may be restricted by geologic heterogeneity. Within both areas, the size distributions of the two inventories are statistically identical for features larger than ~10³ m² in area or ~3 m in depth. For individual depressions captured by both methods at MACA, the automated fill-difference routine tends to return a slightly larger estimate of depression size and aggregate small depressions into larger ones. Conversely, at ANF, some low-relief depressions may be disaggregated by the fill-difference technique, with a trend toward smaller estimated depression areas when the automated method is employed. The automated fill-difference method, operating on high-resolution lidar-derived DEMs, can reproduce and expand the existing inventories of karst depressions, while minimizing false detections that may be inherent within pre-existing catalogs.  相似文献   

梅县嵩溪银（锑）矿流体包裹体轻烃组成及其矿床成因意义     

孙晓明  David I. Norman  孙凯  陈炳辉  陈敬德 《地质论评》1999,45(7):817-822

嵩溪是一个新发现的大型银（锑）矿,位于永梅拗陷南段寨岗上火山沉积盆地的边缘。前人多认为其形成与火山活动有关,主要有海底基性火山喷流和中低温火山热液充填等成因观点。但矿物流体包裹体超高真空四极气相质谱系统测定表明其中存在多种轻烃气体,它们主要由C1~4饱和烷烃组成,仅含微量C2~4不饱和烯烃和芳烃,说明成矿过程基本未受到岩浆作用的影响。这些轻烃气为微生物作用成因和沉积岩围岩中Ⅱ类干酪根热解成因的混合气体。从有机气体组成看,嵩溪矿床的成矿背景属裂谷环境。本文的研究从一个侧面支持了作者等提出的嵩溪银(锑)矿可能属沉积热卤水改造型矿床的看法。  相似文献   

Satellite-based damage mapping following the 2006 Indonesia earthquake—How accurate was it?     

Norman Kerle 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010

The Yogyakarta area in Indonesia suffered a devastating earthquake on 27 May 2006. There was an immediate international response, and the International Charter “Space and Major Disasters” was activated, leading to a rapid production of image-based damage maps and other assistance. Most of the acquired images were processed by UNOSAT and DLR-ZKI, while substantial damage mapping also occurred on the ground. This paper assesses the accuracy and completeness of the damage maps produced based on Charter data, using ground damage information collected during an extensive survey by Yogyakarta's Gadjah Mada University in the weeks following the earthquake and that has recently become available. More than 54,000 buildings or their remains were surveyed, resulting in an exceptional validation database. The UNOSAT damage maps outlining clusters of severe damage are very accurate, while earlier, more detailed results underestimated damage and missed larger areas. Damage maps produced by DLR-ZKI, using a damage-grid approach, were found to underestimate the extent and severity of the devastation. Both mapping results also suffer from limited image coverage and extensive cloud contamination. The ground mapping gives a more accurate picture of the extent of the damage, but also illustrates the challenge of mapping a vast area. The paper concludes with a discussion on ways to improve Charter-based damage maps by integration of local knowledge, and to create a wider impact through generation of customised mapping products using web map services.  相似文献   

Archaeological obsidian studies: Method and theory     

Norman Herz 《Geoarchaeology》1999,14(6):591-594

  相似文献